General Information On Tax System In Vietnam

The tax system in Vietnam consists of the following main taxes:   

     1. Corporate Income Tax (CIT);

     2. Import – Export Duties;

     3. Value Added Tax (VAT);

     4. Special Sales Tax (excise tax) or (SCT); and

     5. Personal Income Tax (PIT)

Corporate Income Tax (CIT)

Taxpayer: Enterprises producing and trading goods and services and earning income shall be liable to pay CIT. 

CIT rates: The standard CIT rate shall be 25%. Preferential CIT rates of 10% and 20% are available for enterprises investing in geographical areas with socio-economic difficulties, economic zones or hi-tech parks or in encouraged investment sectors for a certain period of time. When the period for enjoyment of preferential rates expires, the CIT rate generally reverts back to the standard rate. 

The duration for the application of tax rate incentives is counted from the first year an enterprise has turnover.

The tax exemption or reduction duration is counted from the first year an enterprise has taxable income; in case an enterprise has no taxable income for the first three years from the first year it has turnover, the tax exemption or reduction duration is counted from the fourth year.

Import and export duties

   Export duties

Export is encouraged and thus, almost all goods and services being exported are exempt from
       tax. 

       Export duties are only charged on a few items, basically natural resources such as minerals,        forest products and scrap metal.  Rates range from 0% - 45%. The price for the computation of export duties is the Free-On-Board (FOB) price of the invoice.

Import duties

   Goods subject to import duties

      Generally, all goods crossing Vietnamese borders are subject to import duties, in particular:

   *.Goods imported through Vietnamese border gates by road, river, seaport, international railway, international post and other locations where customs procedures are made;

   *. Goods transferred from the local market to non-tax areas or vice versa; and

   *. Other goods that are permitted to trade or exchange.

The following goods are not subject to import duties:

   *. Goods transited and transported by mode of border gate transhipment through Vietnam’s border gates or border;

   *. Humanitarian aid goods, non-refundable aid goods;

   *. Goods imported from abroad into non-tariff zones and only used therein;

   *. Goods brought from one non-tariff zone to another.

Import duties rates

      Consumer goods, especially luxury goods, are subject to high import duties, while machinery,     equipment, materials and supplies needed for production, especially those items which are not produced domestically, enjoy lower rates of import duties, or even a 0% tax rate.  Duty rates for imported goods shall include (i) standard rate, (ii) preferential rate and (iii) special preferential rate depending on the origin of the goods.

   *. The preferential duty (“MFN”) rate shall apply to imports originating from countries or groups of countries which have signed an agreement with Vietnam attaining a Most Favored Nation status in trade relations;   

   *. Standard duty rate shall apply to imports originating from countries that have not signed an agreement with Vietnam attaining a Most Favored Nation status in trade relations.  The standard duty rate shall be applied at a uniform rate that is 150% of the preferential duty rate.   

   *. Special preferential duty rate shall apply to imports originating from countries or groups of countries which have signed an agreement with Vietnam on special preferential import duties based on free trade regions or customs unions or the creation of favourable conditions for commercial exchange through border gates

      Exemption from import duty

   *. FIEs and foreign parties to BCCs which invest in the List of Encouraged Investment or the List of Special Encouraged Investment are entitled to an exemption of imports of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products which have yet been locally produced for production in projects in investment incentives sectors.     

   *. In addition, import tax exemption will be granted to other cases, namely among others, (i) goods imported for direct use in scientific research and development of technology and technology which are not yet able to be produced domestically and (ii) raw materials, materials and component parts imported for production of projects on the List of Special Encouraged Investment or on the List of Special Encouraged Areas.   

   *. Imports used for export activities (raw materials and commodities, intermediate inputs, finished goods used in the manufacturing process) are normally exempted from import taxes; tariffs are not paid for such imports if foreign invested enterprises are located within the Export Processing Zone.    

   *. If foreign-invested enterprises are located elsewhere, they have to pay tariffs within 275 days from the date of import and shall be reimbursed for the amount of import tax paid upon export of the processed goods in proportion of the quantity of exported goods.  

Value Added Tax (VAT)

   *. VAT applies to goods and services circulated and consumed in Vietnam. VAT is collected through production, trading and provision of services.     

   *. When supplying goods and/or services subject to VAT, the business must charge VAT on the value of goods or services supplied.  In addition, VAT applies to the duty-paid value of imported goods.  The importer must pay VAT to Customs at the same time it pays import duties.    

   *. Applicable VAT rates are 0%, 5%, and 10%, respectively.  The 0% rate applies to export of goods and certain services including sales to EPZs.  VAT is calculated by multiplying the taxable price (net of tax) with the applicable VAT rate.  With respect to imported goods, VAT is calculated by adding the import price with the import duty and the special sales tax (if applicable).  

   *. The VAT system of Vietnam is also characterized by two types of VAT payers: deduction method VAT payers and direct method VAT payers.  Most companies and business organizations are deduction method VAT payers.  This means that the businesses will have to pay the output tax (i.e., VAT collected from their customers) after deducting the input tax (i.e., the VAT businesses have paid to their suppliers).  The businesses must file VAT returns monthly to the tax authorities.  The tax authorities, in turn, will process the tax return and issue a tax assessment notice to the tax payer.  The payable VAT must be paid to the State budget the following month.   

   *. The direct method generally applies to small business households that do not keep proper accounting records (there are currently over 1 million family businesses).  For these businesses, VAT is calculated at a deemed rate on gross turnover.

Special Sales Tax (Excise Tax)

   *. Special sales tax is levied on the following products and services:

Ø Cigarettes, cigars;

Ø Spirits;

Ø Beers;

Ø Automobiles of less than 24 seats;

Ø Assorted types of petrol, naphtha, reformat components, and other components to be mixed in petrol,

Ø Air conditioners with a capacity of 90,000 BTU or less,

Ø Playing cards,

Ø Votive paper and

Ø Some special services, including dancing halls, massage lounges, karaoke parlors, casinos, jackpots betting entertainment, golf, and lotteries.

   *. Tax rates: Special sales tax rates range from 10% to 75%.  Goods and services subject to the special sales tax are also subject to the VAT with a rate of 10%.  Special sales tax on imports is calculated on the basis of price of taxable import plus import duties plus VAT.

Personal Income Tax

   *. The following individuals are subject to personal income tax:

            Ø Residential individuals have a income rising inside and outside Vietnam territory and non-residential individuals have a income rising inside Vietnam territory.

A residential individual is a person who meets the following conditions:

            Ø Residing in Vietnam for an aggregate of 183 days or more within a consecutive 12-month period from the first date of arrival, or in subsequent calendar years;

         Ø Having permanent accommodation in Vietnam, including having accommodation registered for permanent residence or having a leasing house to stay in Vietnam under a fixed-time contract.

  *. Taxable income includes income from production and business activities, salaries, wages, investment capital, capital transfer, real estate transfer, royalties, commercial concession, remunerations, bonuses and allowances,   

   *. Tax rates: Personal Income tax rates levied on income from business, salaries, and wages are applied according to the progressive tax rate schedule as follows:

Unit: VND1,000,000

    *. Expatriates or foreign individuals working in Vietnam are allowed to transfer their income abroad after income tax and other payroll withholdings  

Source: Danang Investment Promotion Centre